Curcumin is extracted from the yellow turmeric root (Curcuma longa).
The Turmeric tuber belongs to the group of ginger plants.
The Indian turmeric spice gives food its characteristic yellow color. It is the main ingredient of curry spice. Turmeric has been a popular medicinal herb of Ayurveda medicine for millennia.
The list of possible applications is long. Inter alia, turmeric is attributed as having the properties of being anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, anti-microbial and hypoglycemic. Even in evidence-based western natural medicine, the quality and diversity of this ancient remedy is increasingly being recognized and integrated.
The effects in animal and human cell studies can be seen in areas such as the gastric/intestinal mucosa in gallbladder dysfunction, digestive weakness, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
In many studies on sequelae of the industrialized world, the effects of turmeric have also been analyzed, in areas such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, disorders of lipometabolism, arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Turmeric’s special quality lies in its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier which means curcumin does benefit the brain as well.
Numerous study findings on the subject of Alzheimer’s disease and neuroinflammation (inflammation of the nerves) in the central and peripheral nervous system make the use of turmeric even in these patients extremely valuable.
Curcuminoids are the active ingredients of turmeric. Curcuminoids are liposoluble. In order to be absorbed in the intestine as a dissolved substance, they should be consumed as possible with a fatty meal.
Turmeric spice powder contains approximately 5% curcuminoids. Curcuminoids in turn consist of approximately 80% curcumin, 18% of demethoxycurcumin and 2% of bisdemethoxycurcumin. Highly concentrated turmeric extracts may contain up to 95% curcuminoids. Various scientists and the media pointed out that commercial turmeric products may vary greatly regarding curcumin content (5-95%) and purity. Partially untested preparations with low drug concentration, high heavy metal and residual contaminants were found to be circulating. In order to achieve reproducible results in clinical studies, the uniform use of highly concentrated, high-purity curcumin preparations is necessary. [201]
The authenticity of a turmeric extract can be checked using the C14 isotope measurement.
Toxicity – Safety of Use
Curcumin is non-toxic. Studies have shown that even maximum doses of daily 8 g curcumin or more over a longer period of time (several months) are harmless to human health. Side effects are rare (see chapter on cancer). Symptoms such as gastrointestinal complaints, yellow stools and rashes may occur, especially if very high dosages are consumed. [1] [2] [3] [4]
For digestive problems, WHO recommends 3 g of the root or equivalent preparations daily.
Bioavailability
Curcumin has a relatively low bioavailability. Intestinal absorption rate is low while metabolism and elimination from the body is fast. [5]
Therefore, so-called “bio-enhancers” (bio-boosters) are incorporated into turmeric formulations. In clinical trials, turmeric was studied by itself and in combination with other bio-enhancing substances. Black pepper is often mixed with the yellow turmeric powder.
Piperine is the active ingredient in the black pepper extract. It inhibits glucuronidation in the liver and intestine, thus delaying the rapid degradation of turmeric. Piperine increases the bioavailability of turmeric in humans and animals 20-fold; this is equivalent to 2,000%. [6]
Other formulations are also available, for example turmeric with phospholipids (lecithin) or with ginger extract.
Curcumin is also available as a special biochemically modified phospholipid complex (phytosome complex) and as nanotechnologically produced micelle turmeric or as synthetic curcumin.
A human study concluded that liquid micelle turmeric with polysorbate 80 can increase the bioavailability of turmeric 185-fold. Polysorbate 80 is an emulsifier (E433) that can easily cross natural membranes and thus enter the cell.
However, the use of artificial emulsifiers such as polysorbate 80 should not be viewed entirely uncritically. In animals, disorders of cellular respiration, liver damage, disease of the intestinal mucosa, metabolic syndrome and other side effects have been described. [7] [8]
Natural bioavailability enhancers do not have the above side effects. However, piperine from black pepper extract may interfere with the metabolism of drugs. Co-administration of turmeric formulations with black pepper in combination with medicinal products should therefore be scrutinized.
Areas of Applications
Alcohol Intoxication
Test subjects who had taken a special turmeric formulation after alcohol intoxication showed a lower concentration of toxic acetaldehyde in their blood. This intermediate byproduct is formed in the body during the degradation of alcohol. It triggers the hangover headache. [9]
Alzheimer’s Disease
Curcumin is fat-soluble. Therefore it can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is neuroprotective (“nerve protective”) and relieves inflammation of the nervous tissue (neuroinflammation).
In many studies curcumin has been suggested for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Reasons for this are amongst others are the inhibition of amyloid beta formation and deposition (senile plaques), anti-inflammatory effects, delayed degeneration of neurons and chelation of copper and iron. Unphysiological copper and iron accumulations in the brain are associated with Alzheimer’s plaques and oxidative nerve damage. Curcumin reduces disorders of memory and mental performance. Oxidative damage in the brain and damage to the synapses are reduced. In cranial nerve cells curcumin balances the release of inflammatory messengers (cytokine levels). It inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB which regulates inflammatory activity and the production of cytokines (messenger substances) on a genetic level. In laboratory studies, curcumin was more successful in inhibiting amyloid accumulations than the NSAIDs ibuprofen and naproxen. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiviral
[161]
Arteriosclerosis
In animals, turmeric improved advanced arteriosclerosis and foam cell formation in the macrophages. It positively influenced the genes responsible for vasculitis, blood lipid levels, and plaque stability. [22] [23] [24]
Arthritis
In cell experiments curcumin has shown to reduce inflammation of synovia (synovial fluid). Curcumin blocks the activation of synovial neutrophils granulocytes. Neutrophils are white blood cells that are significantly involved in cartilage destruction in chronic arthritis. Curcumin protects human cartilage cells from inflammatory degradation processes. It inhibits the factors interleukin 1 beta (Il1b), NF-kappaB, AP-1 (activator protein), caspase-3 and the cartilage-degrading enzymes collagenase and stromelysin (MMP3). In addition, it promotes cartilage regeneration in vivo. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [198] [199] [200]
Arthrosis
Turmeric is a potential alternative to NSAIDs and may provide a useful supplement to conventional medications used in osteoarthritis. (osteoarthrosis) [30]
Turmeric is anti-inflammatory. It reduces the release of inflammatory chemical messengers. (see arthritis). [31]
Turmeric is suitable for long-term use in osteoarthritis. [32] [33]
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Rhythm Disorders
Turmeric may have a preventative effect on heart rhythm disorders (cardiac arrhythmia) in humans by restoring cellular calcium balance. [34]
Asthma
In animal models, hypersensitivity (hyper-reactivity) of the bronchi could be reduced. Turmeric had an anti-inflammatory effect. The activation of the inflammatory factor NF-kappaB was inhibited and the leukocytes in the lung secretion were reduced by turmeric. [35]
Turmeric is a suitable adjunct therapy for asthmatics. In a human study with 77 patients, it improved airway obstruction and the ability to exhale. This was measured by the one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1). [36]
Brain Tumour
[102] [103] [104]
Glioblastoma
[105] [106] [107]
Glioma
[108]
Bronchia / Lungs
Acute and chronic lung diseases are associated with increased inflammatory activity of the respiratory mucous membranes. Increased exposure to air pollutants or mineral dust, cigarette smoke and radiation / chemotherapy may be causes of such inflammation.
Curcumin, as an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, is anti-inflammatory. NF-kappaB acts as a so-called “transcription factor” which binds at the DNA level and among others things controls the transcription of inflammatory genes and thus the inflammatory activity.
Curcumin inhibited inflammatory processes in the lung tissue, caused by infection or chemical pollutants in laboratory and animal studies. [37] [38] [39]
Cancer
How does Turmeric Affect Cancer Cells?
Turmeric is chemo-protective, that is, it can inhibit carcinogenesis.
Cell experiments have shown that curcumin can inhibit the growth of cancer stem cells. [120]
Turmeric is growth-inhibiting (anti-proliferative) for uncontrolled tissue growth. It is an antioxidant and boosts the body’s defense against cancer. Curcumin inactivates cancer-causing substances (carcinogens) and blocks their harmful influence. This includes, for example, the damage to the body’s own DNA by radicals. [121]
In cancer, hundreds of genes have mutated and cell signaling pathways are disrupted. Curcumin has the ability to prevent tumour growth signals from cells that “feed” on the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) into degenerated tissue. Curcumin inhibits bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), which is a powerful growth signal for tumours and neovascularization (angiogenesis) in diseased cells. Studies in animals and in test tubes have shown that turmeric can inhibit malignant cell growth in this way [122] [123] [124]
Curcumin has a strong inhibiting effect on the EGF receptor. [125]
This receptor is over-expressed by many tumors on their surface, or becomes mutated. This can lead to uncontrolled growth and proliferation of the tumour cells. Also, a dulling effect on chemo and radiation therapy is favored by this EGFR change. Turmeric would counteract this in a chemo sensitizing way. Recent cancer therapies aim to achieve inhibition of tumour growth through the EGFR blockade.
Turmeric is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. It suppresses important enzymes that are increasingly formed in chronic inflammation and tumours (lipoxygenase, COX-2, and the inducible NO synthase, iNOS). [126]
Curcumin has an antioxidant effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This is an oxidative process that can destroy biological membranes, DNA and proteins. The oxidative destruction of endogenous structures is associated with the development of cancer, arteriosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. [127] [128] [129]
In addition, turmeric has a major impact on the inflammatory process via the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Cancer occurrence is often accompanied by tumour-induced tissue inflammation or genetic changes with increased NF-kappaB activity. NF-kappaB promotes tissue growth (proliferation), neovascularization (angiogenesis) for tumour nutrition. It suppresses the controlled cell death (adipose) of diseased cells and promotes the passage to new tissues with distant metastasis. [130]
Turmeric was able to directly neutralize the very aggressive radicals peroxynitrite and superoxide in test tube experiments (scavengers). [131] [132] [133]
In animal studies and research on cell lines turmeric promoted the controlled cell death (apoptosis) of abnormally altered cells via the increased formation of tumour suppressor genes p53. [134] [135]
Curcumin activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a very important cell protection factor. Nrf2 activation is important for cancer prevention. Nrf2 controls the genes of detoxification in the body and improves the defense against free radicals in the cell. [136] [137]
Curcumin promotes the formation of TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta). Curcumin inhibits protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and protein kinase C (PKC). Both are important signaling molecules involved in carcinogenesis and its spread. Messenger substances are needed for cancer growth (proliferation), migration (implantation), metastasis (spreading), and formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), blockade of controlled cell death (apoptosis) and destruction of tissue integrity (differentiation).
The signal molecule AP-1 (activator protein-1) is also inhibited by curcumin. Elevated levels of AP-1 are considered carcinogenic.
Study results suggest that at least 3.6 g of curcumin should be taken as part of a cancer therapy to achieve positive effects. [138] [139]
Breast Cancer
See Chemotherapy and Turmeric
A study in 2017 showed that curcumin reduces the resistance of breast cancer stem cells to mitomycin by promoting controlled cell death (Bcl-2 inhibition). Curcumin could thus be a promising new therapeutic for non-response to chemotherapy. [202]
A study with breast cancer stem cells showed that a combination of curcumin and piperine, as well as the single substance, inhibited regeneration of stem cells. However, the healthy cells remained unharmed. [203]
In a clinical study (phase I), the effects of turmeric in combination with the chemotherapeutic docetaxel have been examined in patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer. The two combined substances showed an anti-tumour effect. Curcumin can potentially improve the bioavailability of docetaxel and prevent resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent. The so-called “p-glycoprotein” is an efflux transport molecule in the intestine, which is responsible for the chemo-resistance of docetaxel.
Activity of the transport protein is inhibited by curcumin, and thus the response to chemotherapy would be improved. This effect was also seen in resistant ovarian cancer cells and paclitaxel. [204]
However, the limited bioavailability of curcumin should also be noted. Targeted use of bio-enhancers (see chapter on bioavailability) and the development of new intravenous formulations could help remedy this issue.
In the above mentioned breast cancer study, a daily dosage of 6 gram curcumin in combination with the standard docetaxel dose was recommended for a period of 7 days. [205] [206]
A major problem in the clinical therapy of the estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast tumours is the resistance to the hormone receptor blocker tamoxifen. Curcumin could inhibit a mechanism of resistance development by, inter alia, inhibiting the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB may show elevated levels in breast cancer cells in response to tamoxifen therapy. Curcumin might be a non-toxic way to improve tamoxifen response and prevent resistance. [207]
Curcumin probably enhances the bioavailability of tamoxifen in two ways. These are the above mentioned blocking of the efflux transporter by the p-glycoprotein and / or the inhibition of the liver enzyme CYP3A4. [208]
Piperine from black pepper extract also inhibits the drug transport molecule p-glycoprotein in intestinal cells and the enzyme CYP3A4 in liver cells. Thus, like curcumin, it could also improve the response effectiveness of docetaxel, paclitaxel or tamoxifen. Additionally, the response of other drugs that are substrates of p-glycoprotein and CYP3A4, could potentially be improved, especially if taken orally.
Application of turmeric preparations with piperine in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, however, would have to be considered on a case-by-case basis by the attending oncologist. [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]
Colon Cancer
[75] [76] [77] [78] [79]
Liver Cancer (Hepatic Cancer)
[140] [141] [142] [143]
Lung Cancer
[144] [145] [146]
Leukemia
[148] [149] [150] [186]
Lymphoma
[151] [152] [153] [154]
Pancreatic Cancer
[155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160]
Chemotherapy and Turmeric
Turmeric is one of the most popular natural substances in the context of holistic cancer therapy and is increasingly being combined with conventional chemotherapy. Based on study results, a high-dose use of at least 3.6 g of curcumin, when connected with cancer therapy, would be necessary to achieve therapeutic effects. [45]
The exact absorption rate in the intestines is, up to the present, still unclear but the intestines absorb relatively small amounts. Bioavailability enhancers are therefore often given in combination. It should also be noted that the commonly added bio-enhancer piperine from black pepper extract can affect the metabolism of drugs. Therefore, it should be avoided during chemotherapy, or only be used judiciously. [46]
Curcumin is nontoxic to humans. In human studies maximum doses of 8 g over a longer time period were well tolerated. [47]
Side effects are rare. Skin rashes, gastrointestinal complaints, and yellow stools can occur at higher doses. Turmeric stimulates bile flow and should not be used if bile ducts are constricted in order to prevent reflux.
The use of turmeric during chemotherapy should be scientifically justified and should be accompanied by a naturopathic experienced physician. According to the general recommendations, the chemotherapy protocol should be followed.
Some studies suggest that turmeric may improve the response and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and mitigate the toxic side effects of the therapy in humans.
These include 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel and gemcitabine [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
However, there are also contradictory studies on cell lines that speak of a weakening effect of chemotherapy by turmeric. Camptothecin, mechlorethamine, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide were investigated.
Another study, in turn, partially invalidated this statement or lead to a very broad spectrum of activity in relation to various cell lines and chemotherapeutic agents. It is mentioned here that curcumin improved the response to various chemotherapeutic agents.
These included: mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel and gemcitabine.
The cell lines studied were from diseased tissue of the breast, intestine, pancreas, liver, blood, lung, prostate, bladder, cervix, ovary, throat, neck, brain, multiple myeloma, leukemia cells and lymphoma. Also an improved response to radiation therapy has been reported in various tumour cells, such as in the cells from the prostate, brain, cervix, skin and intestines. [55] [56]
In order to see to what extent these results are transferable to the cells in the human living organism, further clinical human studies are needed.
Cholesterol / CHD
In animals curcumin regulated cholesterol levels by positively influencing the formation and activity of cholesterol-regulating receptors and enzymes. These included the LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, CYP7A1 and others. [57]
Cell experiments suggest that turmeric is vascular-protective. The reasons for this are the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and inhibition of the proliferation (growth) of smooth muscle cells and monocytes. [58]
Smaller human studies showed inhibition of lipid peroxidation and plasma fibrinogen. Both factors fauvour the progression of arteriosclerosis. [59] [60] [61] [62]
Curcumin appears to be able to increase production of the LDL cholesterol receptor and thus lower serum cholesterol. [63] [64]
In a human study with 10 healthy volunteers, a significant decrease in lipid oxidation (-33%) and total cholesterol (-12%) with a concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol (29%) was demonstrated when administering a daily dose of 500 mg curcumin during a period of 7 days. [65]
In two subsequent studies, a low dose of curcumin in patients with acute coronary syndrome did not indicate significant cholesterol reduction, while very high doses (1-4g / daily) even caused a slight increase in total cholesterol, LDL and HDL. [66] [67]
Colitis Ulcerosa, Crohn’s Disease
In a clinical study with 89 patients, the effects of curcumin as an adjunctive therapy with mesalazine (5-ASA) and sulfasalazine were investigated. Curcumin was classified as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for remission maintenance (treatment after cessation of symptoms) in ulcerative colitis. [68]
A previous study compared the clinical data of 99 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (colitis ulcerosa, Crohn’s disease).
It was found that curcumin in combination with the standard therapy mesalazine (5-ASA), sulfasalazine and cortisone improved the symptoms. The dose of standard medication could be reduced, and in a small study with 10 patients, cortisone and 5-ASA could be completely eliminated.
A human study was conducted with 50 patients with an active-mild to moderate form of ulcerative colitis (SCCAI index).
The combination of mesalazine and curcumin (3g / day) was superior to mesalazine and placebo. In the curcumin / mesalazine group, 53.8% achieved a clinical remission (disappearance of symptoms) after 4 weeks. In comparison, no test subject in the placebo group showed remission. Clinical response was noted in 65.3% of the patients in the turmeric group, while in the placebo group, 12.5% of the test subjects showed improvement. 22 patients of the curcumin group showed remission after evaluation by endoscopy (endoscopic remission), while in the placebo group none of the examined test subjects showed an endoscopic reduction. [209]
In this study, 3g of pure curcumin was administered. Researchers have warned that turmeric preparations of varying concentration and purity are in circulation. In order to produce consistent results in clinical studies, the standard use of highly concentrated, high-purity curcumin preparations is necessary.
The commercially available turmeric preparations vary considerably in terms of the curcumine content. It may range between 5 and 95%. Furthermore, unchecked products with high heavy metal contamination and residues can circulate on the market. [210] [69] [70] [71] [72]
Coxsackie Viruses
[73]
Cushing Syndrome
The most common cause is ACTH-producing pituitary tumours. In an animal model, turmeric suppressed the ACTH secretion and lead to apoptosis of cells. [74]
Depression
In a review study that included six clinical trials involving a total of 377 patients, it could be observed that curcumin had a significant antidepressant effect, as opposed to that of a placebo. Also three of the studies examined showed relevant anxiolytic effects. [183]
Animal studies have shown that curcumin inhibits the enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B, thus prolonging the neurotransmitters serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. In animals, curcumin improved the effects of the antidepressants fluoxetine (serotonin reuptake inhibitor), bupropion (dopamine reuptake inhibitor) and venlafaxine (serotonin / norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor).[184]
Curcumin is neuroprotective and an antidepressant. It reduces neuroinflammation (inflammation in the brain). Neuroinflammation leads to neurodegeneration (destruction of the nerves) which is closely associated with the development of depression, or is a frequent comorbidity. Also in other neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, this anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect is of importance. [194] [195] [196] [197]
Fatty Liver – Hepatitis
[85]
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[86]
Haemochromatosis
Turmeric reduces oxidative damage of DNA caused by iron overload.
[87]
Liver damage due to iron-associated lipid peroxidation.
[88]
Helicobacter Pylori
[89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94]
Hepatitis B
Turmeric reduces the viral replication rate and expression of HBV genes in human liver cells via inhibition of PGC1A and decreased histone acetylation
[95] [96] [97]
Hepatitis C
[98] [99] [100]
Herpes/HSV1
[101]
HIV
[117] [118]
Influenza
[119]
Iron Overload
[80] [81] [82] [83] [84]
Kidney Function
[164]
Chronic Renal Failure
[165] [166] [167]
Diabetic Nephropathy
[168]
Kidney Damage due to Chemotherapy
[169]
Lupus
[162] [163]
Medulloblastoma
[115] [116]
Multiple Sclerosis
Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in brain nerve cells.
Curcumin reduces interleukin 17 levels. IL-17 is an inflammatory messenger (cytokine), which is believed to play a key role in the progression of MS disease. The TH-17 cells (T-helper 17) produce the IL-17. TH-17 cells pass through the blood-brain barrier. They then trigger an excessive inflammation in the CNS (neuroinflammation) via different signaling pathways. Ultimately, this inflammatory reaction promotes the attack on the endogenous tissue in the brain and the destruction of the medullary substance of the nerves (demyelination).
In animal models, curcumin reduced the severity of the disease and the duration of MS attacks. [170] [171] [172] [173]
Muscle Regeneration
In cell studies, curcumin has contributed to the inhibition of NF-kappaB for the repair of muscle tissue. [220]
Neuropathy
[174] [175]
Organ Transplantation
[176] [177]
Osteoarthritis
Turmeric is a potential alternative to NSAIDs and may provide a useful supplement to conventional medications used in osteoarthritis. [30]
Turmeric is anti-inflammatory. It impedes the release of inflammatory messengers. In studies on cell lines, curcumin has been shown to inhibit cartilage degeneration and to promote cartilage regeneration (see arthritis). [31]
Curcuma is suitable for long-term use in osteoarthritis. [32] [33]
Osteoporosis
Curcumin promotes bone preservation and inhibits bone-degrading osteoclasts in bone marrow cells.
It has shown positive effects on bone mineral density and mineralization in female animals with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Pain with Osteoporosis
Curcumin reduces the inflammatory mediators TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6. These mediators contribute to the sensitization of the pain receptors. [178] [179] [180] [181]
Parkinson
[226] [227]
Pituitary Tumour
[109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114]
Rheumatoid Arthritis
See Arthritis
Methotrexate is used in low doses for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The disadvantage of the therapy is that liver damage can occur.
In animals, the latent effect of methotrexate was supplemented by curcumin. Thus, despite a lower dosage strong therapeutic effects were achieved.
In addition, the liver damaging effect of MTX (methotrexate) was minimized. [211]
In a small 2-week human study, an improvement in morning stiffness and joint swelling was noted as a result of the daily administration of 1,200 mg curcumin. [212]
A human study with 45 patients investigated the effect of curcumin and diclofenac in active rheumatoid arthritis. Three groups were formed: 1. curcumin (500 mg), 2. diclofenac sodium (50 mg) and 3. curcumin combined with diclofenac sodium. All three groups showed significant improvements as measured by DAS (Disease Activity Score).
Patients treated with curcumin alone showed the greatest improvement in DAS as well as ACR (American College of Rheumatology) scores.
This group had significantly better results than the diclofenac group. [213]
A clinical study with 24 patients over a period of 3 months showed significant improvements with administration of 250 mg turmeric twice daily.
The rheumatoid arthritis response was assessed using various scores. The following scores were included:
ACR (American College of Rheumatology), VAS (Visual Analog Scale), CRP (C-Reactive Protein), DAS28 (Disease Activity Score), ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and RF (Rheumatoid Factor). [214]
Pain
[187] [188] [189] [190]
Thyroid Function
[221] [222]
Thrombosis
Inhibition of platelet aggregation by suppression of P-selectin in animals. [223]
Inhibition of platelet aggregation in human whole blood [224]
Lowering of abnormally high levels of human fibrinogen [225]
Thalassemia
[191] [192]
Wound Healing / Postoperative Application
[215]
Improved wound healing with topical (local) application on the skin [216]
Optimized wound healing of radiation damage in animals [217]
Protection against oxidative stress in skin cells in cell experiments [218]
Curcumin improved wound healing in diabetic animals (oral and local application). It stimulated new skin formation by migration of immune cells and connective tissue cells into the wound bed. [219]
Turmeric and VDR
[193]
[1] Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, Ko JY, Lin JT, Lin BR, Ming-Shiang W, Yu HS, Jee SH, Chen GS, Chen TM, Chen CA, Lai MK, Pu YS, Pan MH, Wang YJ, Tsai CC, Hsieh CY.
Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions.
Anticancer Res., Juli-August 2001
[2] Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB.
Curcumin as “Curecumin”: from kitchen to clinic.
Biochem Pharmacol., Februar 2008
[3] Kanai M, Yoshimura K, Asada M, Imaizumi A, Suzuki C, Matsumoto S, Nishimura T, Mori Y, Masui T, Kawaguchi Y, Yanagihara K, Yazumi S, Chiba T, Guha S, Aggarwal BB.
A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., July 2011
[4] Subash C. Gupta, Sridevi Patchva, and Bharat B. Aggarwal
Therapeutic Roles of Curcumin: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials
The AAPS Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2013
[5] Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB.
Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises.
Mol Pharm., November-Dezember 2007
[6] Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PS.
Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers.
Planta Med., May 1998
[7] Ratnesh Kumar Singh, Seiichi Ishikawa
Food Additive P-80 Impacts Mouse Gut Microbiota Promoting Intestinal Inflammation, Obesity and Liver Dysfunction
SOJ Microbiol Infect Dis., June 2016
[8] Chassaing B, Koren O, Goodrich JK, Poole AC, Srinivasan S, Ley RE, Gewirtz AT
Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.
Nature., March 2015
[9] Sasaki H, Sunagawa Y, Takahashi K, Imaizumi A, Fukuda H, Hashimoto T, Wada H, Katanasaka Y, Kakeya H, Fujita M, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T.
Innovative preparation of curcumin for improved oral bioavailability.
Biol Pharm Bull., 2011
[10] Begum AN, Jones MR, Lim GP, Morihara T, Kim P, Heath DD, Rock CL, Pruitt MA, Yang F, Hudspeth B, Hu S, Faull KF, Teter B, Cole GM, Frautschy SA.
Curcumin structure-function, bioavailability, and efficacy in models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther., July 2008
[11] Shrikant Mishra, Kalpana Palanivelu
The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer’s disease: An overview
Ann Indian Acad Neurol., Januar-März 2008
[12] Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB.
A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease.
Curr Alzheimer Res., April 2005
[13] Douglas Walker, Lih-Fen Lue
Anti-inflammatory and Immune Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Status and Future Directions
Curr Neuropharmacol., December 2007
[14] Shrikant Mishra, Kalpana Palanivelu
The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer’s disease: An overview
Ann Indian Acad Neurol., Januar-März 2008
[15] Cole GM, Morihara T, Lim GP, Yang F, Begum A, Frautschy SA.
NSAID and antioxidant prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: lessons from in vitro and animal models.
Ann N Y Acad Sci., December 2004
[16] Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S.
Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: reasoning for seasoning.
Ann N Y Acad Sci., December 2004
[17] Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S.
Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: reasoning for seasoning.
Ann N Y Acad Sci., December 2004
[18] Baum 1, Ng A.
Curcumin interaction with copper and iron suggests one possible mechanism of action in Alzheimer’s disease animal models.
J Alzheimers Dis., August 2004
[19] Shrikant Mishra, Kalpana Palanivelu
The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer’s disease: An overview
Ann Indian Acad Neurol., Januar-März 2008
[20] Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, Ubeda OJ, Simmons MR, Ambegaokar SS, Chen PP, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Frautschy SA, Cole GM.
Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo.
J Biol Chem., Februar 2005
[21] Larry Baum, Christopher Wai Kei Lam, Stanley Kwok Kuen Cheung, Timothy Kwok, Victor Lui, Joshua Tsoh, Linda Lam, Vivian Leung, Elsie Hui, Chelsia Ng, Jean Woo, Helen Fung Kum Chiu, William B. Goggins, Benny Chung Ying Zee, King Fai Cheng, Carmen Yuet Shim Fong, Adrian Wong, Hazel Mok, Moses Sing Sum Chow, Ping Chuen Ho & 8 others
Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease
JournalJournal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Februar 2008
[22] Singh V, Rana M, Jain M, Singh N, Naqvi A, Malasoni R, Dwivedi AK, Dikshit M, Barthwal MK.
Curcuma oil attenuates accelerated atherosclerosis and macrophage foam-cell formation by modulating genes involved in plaque stability, lipid homeostasis and inflammation.
British Journal of Nutrition, January 2015
[23] Alwi I, Santoso T, Suyono S, Sutrisna B, Suyatna FD, Kresno SB, Ernie S.
The effect of curcumin on lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Acta Med Indones., October 2008
[24] Soni KB, Kuttan R.
Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol., October 1992
[25] Chandran B, Goel A.
A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
Phytotherapy Research, November 2012
[26] Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal RC.
Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane).
Indian J Med Res., April 1980
[27] Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino G.
Product-evaluation registry of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, for the complementary management of osteoarthritis.
Panminerva Med., June 2010
[28] Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino G.
Efficacy and safety of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients.
Altern Med Rev., December 2010
[29] Yves Henrotin, Fabian Priem, Ali Mobasheri
Curcumin: a new paradigm and therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of osteoarthritis: curcumin for osteoarthritis management
Springerplus. online, Februar 2013
[30] BHenrotin Y, Clutterbuck AL, Allaway D, Lodwig EM, Harris P, Mathy-Hartert M, Shakibaei M, Mobasheri A.
Biological actions of curcumin on articular chondrocytes.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage, February 2010
[31] CMathy-Hartert M, Jacquemond-Collet I, Priem F, Sanchez C, Lambert C, Henrotin Y.
Curcumin inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators and metalloproteinase-3 production by chondrocytes.
Inflamm Res., December 2009
[32] Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino G.
Efficacy and safety of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients.
Altern Med Rev., December 2010
[33] elcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Grossi MG, Togni S, Appendino G.
Product-evaluation registry of Meriva®, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, for the complementary management of osteoarthritis.
Panminerva Med., June 2010
[34] Wongcharoen W, Phrommintikul A.
The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular diseases.
Int J Cardiol., April 2009
[35] Oh SW, Cha JY, Jung JE, Chang BC, Kwon HJ, Lee BR, Kim DY.
Curcumin attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice through NF-κB inhibition.
J Ethnopharmacol., July 2011
[36] Afroz Abidi, Surabhi Gupta, Manu Agarwal, H.L. Bhalla, Mahip Saluja
Evaluation of Efficacy of Curcumin as an Add-on therapy in Patients of Bronchial Asthma
J Clin Diagn Res., Published online, August 2014
[37] Venkatesan N
Pulmonary protective effects of curcumin against paraquat toxicity.
Life Sci., 2000
[38] Venkatesan N, Punithavathi D, Babu M.
Protection from acute and chronic lung diseases by curcumin.
Adv Exp Med Biol., 2007
[39] S.J. Moghaddam, P. Barta, S.G. Mirabolfathinejad, Z. Ammar-Aouchiche, N. Torres Garza, T.T. Vo, Robert A. Newman, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Christopher M. Evans, Michael J. Tuvim, Reuben Lotan, and Burton F. Dickey
Curcumin inhibits COPD-like airway inflammation and lung cancer progression in mice
Carcinogenesis., Published online September 2009
[40] Rajinder K. Bhardwaj, Hartmut Glaeser, Laurent Becquemont, Ulrich Klotz, Suresh K. Gupta, Martin F. Fromm
Piperine, a Major Constituent of Black Pepper, Inhibits Human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, August 2002
[41] Kumar P, Kadakol A, Shasthrula PK, Mundhe NA, Jamdade VS, Barua CC, Gaikwad AB
Curcumin as an adjuvant to breast cancer treatment.
Anticancer Agents Med Chem., 2015
[42] Min Jiang, Ou Huang, Xi Zhang, Zuoquan Xie, Aijun Shen, Hongchun Liu, Meiyu Geng, Kunwei Shen
Curcumin Induces Cell Death and Restores Tamoxifen Sensitivity in the Antiestrogen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Lines MCF-7/LCC2 and MCF-7/LCC9
Molecules, 2013
[43] Inano H, Onoda M, Inafuku N, Kubota M, Kamada Y, Osawa T, Kobayashi H, Wakabayashi K.
Chemoprevention by curcumin during the promotion stage of tumorigenesis of mammary gland in rats irradiated with gamma-rays.
Carcinogenesis., June 1999
[44] Verma SP, Goldin BR, Lin PS.
The inhibition of the estrogenic effects of pesticides and environmental chemicals by curcumin and isoflavonoids.
Environ Health Perspect., December 1998
[45] Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, Marczylo TH, Morgan B, Hemingway D, Plummer SM, Pirmohamed M, Gescher AJ, Steward WP.
Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance.
Clinical Cancer Research, October 2004
[46] Gurley BJ, Fifer EK, Gardner Z.
Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (part 2): drug interactions involving popular botanical dietary supplements and their clinical relevance.
Planta Medica, September 2012
[47] Subash C. Gupta, Sridevi Patchva, and Bharat B. Aggarwal
Therapeutic Roles of Curcumin: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials
The AAPS Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2013
[48] CBin He, Wen Wei, Ji Liu, Yundan Xu, Gang Zhao
Synergistic anticancer effect of curcumin and chemotherapy regimen FP in human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells
Oncol Lett. Published online, September 2017
[49] Wang YT, Liu HS, Su CL.
Curcumin-enhanced chemosensitivity of FDA-approved platinum (II)-based anti-cancer drugs involves downregulation of nuclear endonuclease G and NF-κB as well as induction of apoptosis and G2/M arrest.
Int J Food Sci Nutr., May 2014
[50] Quispe-Soto ET, Calaf GM
Effect of curcumin and paclitaxel on breast carcinogenesis.
Int J Oncol., December 2016
[51] Quispe-Soto ET, Calaf GM
Effect of curcumin and paclitaxel on breast carcinogenesis.
Int J Oncol., December 2016
[52] Dhandapani KM, Mahesh VB, Brann DW.
Curcumin suppresses growth and chemoresistance of human glioblastoma cells via AP-1 and NFkappaB transcription factors.
J Neurochem., July 2007
[53] Kanai M, Yoshimura K, Asada M, Imaizumi A, Suzuki C, Matsumoto S, Nishimura T, Mori Y, Masui T, Kawaguchi Y, Yanagihara K, Yazumi S, Chiba T, Guha S, Aggarwal BB.
A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., July 2011
[54] Nicola Bortel, Sorin Armeanu-Ebinger, Evi Schmid, Bettina Kirchner, Jan Frank, Alexa Kocher, Christina Schiborr, Steven Warmann, Jörg Fuchs, and Verena Ellerkamp
Effects of curcumin in pediatric epithelial liver tumors: inhibition of tumor growth and alpha-fetoprotein in vitro and in vivo involving the NFkappaB- and the beta-catenin pathways
Oncotarget., December 2015
[55] Goel A, Aggarwal BB.
Curcumin, the golden spice from Indian saffron, is a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer for tumors and chemoprotector and radioprotector for normal organs.
Nutrition & Cancer, 2010
[56] Chendil D, Ranga RS, Meigooni D, Sathishkumar S, Ahmed MM.
Curcumin confers radiosensitizing effect in prostate cancer cell line PC-3.
Oncogene, Februar 2004
[57] Yiu WF, Kwan PL, Wong CY, Kam TS, Chiu SM, Chan SW, Chan R.
Attenuation of fatty liver and prevention of hypercholesterolemia by extract of Curcuma longa through regulating the expression of CYP7A1, LDL-receptor, HO-1, and HMG-CoA reductase.
Journal of Food Science, April 2011
[58] Normén L, Holmes D, Frohlich J.
Plant sterols and their role in combined use with statins for lipid lowering.
Curr Opin Investig Drugs., March 2005
[59] Ana Ramirez-Boscá, Alfonso Soler, Miguel Angel Carrión Gutierrez, Juan Laborda Alvarez, Eliseo Quintanilla Almagro
Antioxidant Curcuma extracts decrease the blood lipid peroxide levels of human subjects
GeroScience, October 1995
[60] Ramirez Bosca A, Carrión Gutierrez MA, Soler A, Puerta C, Diez A, Quintanilla E, Bernd A, Miquel J.
Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: Implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Age (Omaha)., July 1997
[61] Ramirez Boscá A, Soler A, Carrión-Gutiérrez MA, Pamies Mira D, Pardo Zapata J, Diaz-Alperi J, Bernd A, Quintanilla Almagro E, Miquel J.
An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, April 2000
[62] Wongcharoen W, Phrommintikul A.
The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular diseases.
International Journal of Cardiology, April 2009
[63] Dou X, Fan C, Wo L, Yan J, Qian Y, Wo X.
Curcumin up-regulates LDL receptor expression via the sterol regulatory element pathway in HepG2 cells.
Planta Medica, September 2008
[64] Peschel D, Koerting R, Nass N.
Curcumin induces changes in expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, Februar 2007
[65] Soni KB, Kuttan R.
Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol., October 1992
[66] Alwi I, Santoso T, Suyono S, Sutrisna B, Suyatna FD, Kresno SB, Ernie S.
The effect of curcumin on lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Acta Med Indones., October 2008
[67] Baum L, Cheung SK, Mok VC, Lam LC, Leung VP, Hui E, Ng CC, Chow M, Ho PC, Lam S, Woo J, Chiu HF, Goggins W, Zee B, Wong A, Mok H, Cheng WK, Fong C, Lee JS, Chan MH, Szeto SS, Lui VW, Tsoh J, Kwok TC, Chan IH, Lam CW.
Curcumin effects on blood lipid profile in a 6-month human study.
Pharmacological Research, Dezamber 2007
[68] Sushil K Garg, Vineet Ahuja, Mari Jeeva Sankar, Atul Kumar, Alan C Moss
Curcumin for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis
Cochrane Database System, October 2012
[69] Taylor RA, Leonard MC.
Curcumin for inflammatory bowel disease: a review of human studies.
Altern Med Rev., June 2011
[70] Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Yamada M, Iwaoka Y, Kanke K, Hiraishi H, Hirayama K, Arai H, Yoshii S, Uchijima M, Nagata T, Koide Y.
Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, December 2006
[71] Lahiff C, Moss AC.
Curcumin for clinical and endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, June 2011
[72] Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R.
Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study.
Digestive Diseases and Sciences, November 2005
[73] Xiaoning Si, Yahong Wang1, Jerry Wong, Jingchun Zhang, Bruce M. McManus, Honglin Luo
Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System by Curcumin Suppresses Coxsackievirus B3 Replication▿
Journal of Virology, January 2007
[74] Bangaru ML, Woodliff J, Raff H, Kansra S.
Growth suppression of mouse pituitary corticotroph tumor AtT20 cells by curcumin: a model for treating Cushing’s disease.
PLoS One, April 2010
[75] Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, Ireson CR, Euden SA, Manson MM, Pirmohamed M, Marnett LJ, Gescher AJ, Steward WP.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer.
Clinical Cancer Research, July 2001
[76] Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ, Singh R, Dennison AR, Farmer PB, Sharma RA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ.
Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences.
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, January 2005
[77] Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, Marczylo TH, Morgan B, Hemingway D, Plummer SM, Pirmohamed M, Gescher AJ, Steward WP.
Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance.
Clinical Cancer Research, October 2004
[78] Cruz-Correa M, Shoskes DA, Sanchez P, Zhao R, Hylind LM, Wexner SD, Giardiello FM.
Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, August 2006
[79] Robert E. Carroll, Richard V. Benya, Danielle Kim Turgeon, Shaiju Vareed, Malloree Neuman, Luz Rodriguez, Madhuri Kakarala, Philip M. Carpenter, Christine McLaren, Frank L. Meyskens Jr, Dean E. Brenner
Phase IIA Clinical Trial of Curcumin for the Prevention of Colorectal Neoplasia
Cancer Prev Res (Phila)., March 2011
[80] Jiao Y, Wilkinson J 4th, Christine Pietsch E, Buss JL, Wang W, Planalp R, Torti FM, Torti SV.
Iron chelation in the biological activity of curcumin.
Free Radical Biology and Medicine, April 2006
[81] Dairam A, Fogel R, Daya S, Limson JL.
Antioxidant and iron-binding properties of curcumin, capsaicin, and S-allylcysteine reduce oxidative stress in rat brain homogenate.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, May 2008
[82] Yan Jiao, John Wilkinson IV, Xiumin Di, Wei Wang, Heather Hatcher, Nancy D. Kock, Ralph D’Agostino Jr, Mary Ann Knovich, Frank M. Torti and Suzy V. Torti
Curcumin, a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is a biologically active iron chelator
Blood, 2009
[83] Thephinlap C, Phisalaphong C, Lailerd N, Chattipakorn N, Winichagoon P, Vadolas J, Fucharoen S, Porter JB, Srichairatanakool S.
Reversal of cardiac iron loading and dysfunction in thalassemic mice by curcuminoids.
Medical Chemistry, January 2011
[84] Baum 1, Ng A.
Curcumin interaction with copper and iron suggests one possible mechanism of action in Alzheimer’s disease animal models.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, August 2004
[85] Long Wang, Yisong lv, Huixiang Yao, Li Yin, Jianhui Shang
Curcumin prevents the non-alcoholic fatty hepatitis via mitochondria protection and apoptosis reduction.
Int J Clin Exp Pathol., September 2015
[86] Niederau C, Göpfert E.
The effect of chelidonium- and turmeric root extract on upper abdominal pain due to functional disorders of the biliary system. Results from a placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Med Klin (Munich)., August 1999
[87] García CR, Angelé-Martínez C, Wilkes JA, Wang HC, Battin EE, Brumaghim JL.
Prevention of iron- and copper-mediated DNA damage by catecholamine and amino acid neurotransmitters, L-DOPA, and curcumin: metal binding as a general antioxidant mechanism.
Dalton Transactions, June 2012
[88] Reddy AC, Lokesh BR.
Effect of curcumin and eugenol on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats.
Toxicology, January 1996
[89] Ronita De, Parag Kundu, Snehasikta Swarnakar, T. Ramamurthy, Abhijit Chowdhury, G. Balakrish Nair, and Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin against Helicobacter pylori Isolates from India and during Infections in Mice
Antimicrob Agents Chemother., April 2009
[90] Avijit Sarkar, Ronita De, and Asish K Mukhopadhyay
Curcumin as a potential therapeutic candidate for Helicobacter pylori associated diseases
World J Gastroenterol., March 2016
[91] Di Mario F, Cavallaro LG, Nouvenne A, Stefani N, Cavestro GM, Iori V, Maino M, Comparato G, Fanigliulo L, Morana E, Pilotto A, Martelli L, Martelli M, Leandro G, Franzè A.
A curcumin-based 1-week triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: something to learn from failure?
Helicobacter., June 2007
[92] Koosirirat C, Linpisarn S, Changsom D, Chawansuntati K, Wipasa J.
Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients.
International Immunopharmacology, July 2010
[93] Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Yun G, Lu ZZ.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a group 1 carcinogen.
Anticancer Res., November-Dezember 2002
[94] Vaclav Vetvicka, Jana Vetvickova, Rafael Fernandez-Botran
Effects of curcumin on Helicobacter pylori infection
Ann Transl Med., December 2016
[95] Kim HJ, Yoo HS, Kim JC, Park CS, Choi MS, Kim M, Choi H, Min JS, Kim YS, Yoon SW, Ahn JK.
Antiviral effect of Curcuma longa Linn extract against hepatitis B virus replication.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, July 2009
[96] Rechtman MM, Har-Noy O, Bar-Yishay I, Fishman S, Adamovich Y, Shaul Y, Halpern Z, Shlomai A.
Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down-regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC-1alpha.
FEBS Letters, June 2010
[97] Wei ZQ, Zhang YH, Ke CZ, Chen HX, Ren P, He YL, Hu P, Ma DQ, Luo J, Meng ZJ.
Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus infection by down-regulating cccDNA-bound histone acetylation.
World Journal of Gastroenterology, September 2017
[98] Anggakusuma, Colpitts CC, Schang LM, Rachmawati H, Frentzen A, Pfaender S, Behrendt P, Brown RJ, Bankwitz D, Steinmann J, Ott M, Meuleman P, Rice CM, Ploss A, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E.
Turmeric curcumin inhibits entry of all hepatitis C virus genotypes into human liver cells.
Gut, July 2014
[99] MING-HO CHEN, MING-YANG LEE, JING-JING CHUANG, YI-ZHEN LI, SIN-TZU NING, JUNG-CHOU CHEN, YI-WEN LIU
Curcumin inhibits HCV replication by induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of AKT
Int J Mol Med., November 2012
[100] Kim K, Kim KH, Kim HY, Cho HK, Sakamoto N, Cheong J.
Curcumin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via suppressing the Akt-SREBP-1 pathway.
FEBS Letters, Februar 2010
[101] Sebla B. Kutluay, James Doroghazi, Martha E. Roemer, Steven J. Triezenberga
Curcumin inhibits herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene expression by a mechanism independent of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity
Virology., April 2009
[102] Purkayastha S, Berliner A, Fernando SS, Ranasinghe B, Ray I, Tariq H, Banerjee P.
Curcumin blocks brain tumor formation.
Brain Research, April 2009
[103] Byeong Hyeok Choi, Chang Gun Kim, Young-Seuk Bae, Yoongho Lim, Young Han Lee, Soon Young Shin
Expression by Curcumin in U-87MG Human Glioma Cells: Role of Early Growth Response-1 Expression
Cancer Research, March 2008
[104] Dhandapani KM, Mahesh VB, Brann DW.
Curcumin suppresses growth and chemoresistance of human glioblastoma cells via AP-1 and NFkappaB transcription factors.
Journal of Neurochemistry, July 2007
[105] Karmakar S, Banik NL, Patel SJ, Ray SK.
Curcumin activated both receptor-mediated and mitochondria-mediated proteolytic pathways for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells.
Neuroscience Letters, October 2006
[106] Karmakar S, Banik NL, Ray SK.
Curcumin suppressed anti-apoptotic signals and activated cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma U87MG cells.
Neurochemical Research, Deuzember 2007
[107] Perry MC, Demeule M, Régina A, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R.
Curcumin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in glioblastoma xenografts.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, August 2010
[108] Luthra PM, Kumar R, Prakash A.
Demethoxycurcumin induces Bcl-2 mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human glioma U87 cells.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, July 2009
[109] Schaaf C, Shan B, Onofri C, Stalla GK, Arzt E, Schilling T, Perone MJ, Renner U.
Curcumin inhibits the growth, induces apoptosis and modulates the function of pituitary folliculostellate cells.
Neuroendocrinology, 2010
[110] Schaaf C, Shan B, Buchfelder M, Losa M, Kreutzer J, Rachinger W, Stalla GK, Schilling T, Arzt E, Perone MJ, Renner U.
Curcumin acts as anti-tumorigenic and hormone-suppressive agent in murine and human pituitary tumour cells in vitro and in vivo.
Endocrine-related Cancer, December 2009
[111] Miller M, Chen S, Woodliff J, Kansra S.
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and decreases hormone levels and secretion in pituitary tumor cells.
Endocrinology, August 2008 Aug
[112] Lu DY, Leung YM, Cheung CW, Chen YR, Wong KL.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in glioma cells.
Biochemical Pharmacology, October 2010
[113] Song H, Moon A.
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes low-grade Hs683 glioma cell migration through JNK, ERK-1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
Neuroscience Research, September 2006
[114] Perry MC, Demeule M, Régina A, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R.
Curcumin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in glioblastoma xenografts.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, August 2010
[115] MADHAVI LATHA YADAV BANGARU, SHENGLIN CHEN, JEFFREY WOODLIFF, SANJAY KANSRA
Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) Induces Apoptosis and Blocks Migration of Human Medulloblastoma Cells
Anticancer Research, Februar 2010
[116] Elamin MH, Shinwari Z, Hendrayani SF, Al-Hindi H, Al-Shail E, Khafaga Y, Al-Kofide A, Aboussekhra A.
Curcumin inhibits the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway and triggers apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells.
Molecular Carcinogenesis, March 2010
[117] Prasad S, Tyagi AK.
Curcumin and its analogues: a potential natural compound against HIV infection and AIDS.
Food &Function, November 2015
[118] Sui Z, Salto R, Li J, Craik C, Ortiz de Montellano PR.
Inhibition of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases by curcumin and curcumin boron complexes.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, December 1993
[119] Da-Yuan Chen, Jui-Hung Shien, Laurence Tiley, Shyan-Song Chiou, Sheng-Yang Wang, Tien-Jye Chang, Ya-Jane Lee, Kun-Wei Chan, Wei-Li Hsu
Curcumin inhibits influenza virus infection and haemagglutination activity
Food Chemistry, April 2010
[120] Quispe-Soto ET, Calaf GM
Effect of curcumin and paclitaxel on breast carcinogenesis.
Int J Oncol., December 2016
[121] Quispe-Soto ET, Calaf GM
Effect of curcumin and paclitaxel on breast carcinogenesis.
Int J Oncol., December 2016
[122] Arbiser JL, Klauber N, Rohan R, van Leeuwen R, Huang MT, Fisher C, Flynn E, Byers HR.
Curcumin is an in vivo inhibitor of angiogenesis.
Molecular Medicine, June 1998
[123] Furness MS, Robinson TP, Ehlers T, Hubbard RB 4th, Arbiser JL, Goldsmith DJ, Bowen JP.
Antiangiogenic agents: studies on fumagillin and curcumin analogs.
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2005
[124] Dulak J.
Nutraceuticals as anti-angiogenic agents: hopes and reality.
J Physiol Pharmacol., March 2005
[125] Reddy S, Rishi AK, Xu H, Levi E, Sarkar FH, Majumdar AP.
Mechanisms of curcumin- and EGF-receptor related protein (ERRP)-dependent growth inhibition of colon cancer cells.
Nutrition and Cancer, 2006
[126] Menon VP, Sudheer AR.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 2007
[127] Zhong H, Yin H.
Role of lipid peroxidation derived 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in cancer: focusing on mitochondria.
Redox Biology, 2015
[128] Meenakshisundaram Sreepriya, Email authorGeetha Bali
Effects of administration of Embelin and Curcumin on lipid peroxidation, hepatic glutathione antioxidant defense and hematopoietic system during N-nitrosodiethylamine/Phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, March 2006
[129] Menon VP, Sudheer AR.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 2007
[130] Yifeng Xia, Shen Shen, Inder M. Verma
NF-κB, an active player in human cancers
Cancer Immunol Res., September 2015
[131] Stig Bengmark
Curcumin, An Atoxic Antioxidant and Natural NFκB, Cyclooxygenase-2, Lipooxygenase, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor: A Shield Against Acute and Chronic Diseases
Sage journals, January 2006
[132] Jung Eun Kim, Ae Ra Kim, Hae Young Chung, Shin Young Han, Byung Soo Kim, Jae Sue Choi
In vitro peroxynitrite scavenging activity of diarylheptanoids from Curcuma longa
Phytotherapy research, May 2003
[133] Ak T, Gülçin I.
Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin.
Chemico-Biological Interactions, July 2008
[134] Das L, Vinayak M.
Long term effect of curcumin in restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling and modulation of inflammation in prevention of cancer.
PLoS One, April 2015
[135] Jee SH, Shen SC, Tseng CR, Chiu HC, Kuo ML.
Curcumin induces a p53-dependent apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology, October 1998
[136] Das L, Vinayak M.
Long term effect of curcumin in restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling and modulation of inflammation in prevention of cancer.
PLoS One, April 2015
[137] Silvia Menegon, Amedeo Columbano, Silvia Giordano
The Dual Roles of NRF2 in Cancer
Trends in molekular medicine, June 2016
[138] Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, Marczylo TH, Morgan B, Hemingway D, Plummer SM, Pirmohamed M, Gescher AJ, Steward WP.
Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance.
Clinical Cancer Research, October 2004
[139] Zum Einsatz von Curcuma bei Chemotherapie: Siehe oben bei Kapitel Chemotherapie und Curcuma
[140] Darvesh AS, Aggarwal BB, Bishayee A.
Curcumin and liver cancer: a review.
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , January 2012
[141] Nicola Bortel, Sorin Armeanu-Ebinger, Evi Schmid, Bettina Kirchner, Jan Frank, Alexa Kocher, Christina Schiborr, Steven Warmann, Jörg Fuchs, and Verena Ellerkamp
Effects of curcumin in pediatric epithelial liver tumors: inhibition of tumor growth and alpha-fetoprotein in vitro and in vivo involving the NFkappaB- and the beta-catenin pathways
Oncotarget., Sezember 2015
[142] Dai XZ, Yin HT, Sun LF, Hu X, Zhou C, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Huang XE, Li XC.
Potential therapeutic efficacy of curcumin in liver cancer.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2013
[143] Du Q, Hu B, An HM, Shen KP, Xu L, Deng S, Wei MM.
Synergistic anticancer effects of curcumin and resveratrol in Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Oncology Reports, May 2013
[144] Mehta HJ, Patel V, Sadikot RT.
Curcumin and lung cancer – a review.
Targeted Oncology, December 2014
[145] Polasa K, Raghuram TC, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K.
Effect of turmeric on urinary mutagens in smokers.
Mutagenesis., March 1992
[146] S.J. Moghaddam, P. Barta, S.G. Mirabolfathinejad, Z. Ammar-Aouchiche, N. Torres Garza, T.T. Vo, Robert A. Newman, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Christopher M. Evans, Michael J. Tuvim, Reuben Lotan, and Burton F. Dickey
Curcumin inhibits COPD-like airway inflammation and lung cancer progression in mice
Carcinogenesis., Published online September 2009
[148] Vagish Kumar Laxman Shanbhag
Curcumin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia – A review
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, June 2017
[149] Laura S. Angelo, Razelle Kurzrock
Turmeric and green tea: a recipe for B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Clin Cancer Res., Februar 2009
[150] Taverna S, Giallombardo M, Pucci M, Flugy A, Manno M, Raccosta S, Rolfo C, De Leo G, Alessandro R
Curcumin inhibits in vitro and in vivo chronic myelogenous leukemia cells growth: a possible role for exosomal disposal of miR-21.
Oncotarget, September 2015
[151] Han SS, Chung ST, Robertson DA, Ranjan D, Bondada S.
Curcumin causes the growth arrest and apoptosis of B cell lymphoma by downregulation of egr-1, c-myc, bcl-XL, NF-kappa B, and p53.
Clinical Immunology, November 1999
[152] Ranjan D, Johnston TD, Reddy KS, Wu G, Bondada S, Chen C.
Enhanced apoptosis mediates inhibition of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation by curcumin.
Journal of Surgical Research, November 1999
[153] Wu Y, Chen Y, Xu J, Lu L.
Anticancer activities of curcumin on human Burkitt’s lymphoma.
Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi., July 2002
[154] Stefanie Kewitz, Ines Volkmer, Martin S. Staege
Curcuma Contra Cancer? Curcumin and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Cancer Growth Metastasis., August 2013
[155] Wang Z, Zhang Y, Banerjee S, Li Y, Sarkar FH.
Notch-1 down-regulation by curcumin is associated with the inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.
Cancer, June 2006
[156] Li L, Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Abbruzzese J, Kurzrock R.
Nuclear factor-kappaB and IkappaB kinase are constitutively active in human pancreatic cells, and their down-regulation by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is associated with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.
Cancer, November 2004
[157] Shehzad A, Wahid F, Lee YS.
Curcumin in cancer chemoprevention: molecular targets, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and clinical trials.
Arch Pharm (Weinheim)., September 2010
[158] Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, Wolff RA, Kunnumakkara AB, Abbruzzese JL, Ng CS, Badmaev V, Kurzrock R.
Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Clinical Cancer Research, July 2008
[159] Kanai M, Yoshimura K, Asada M, Imaizumi A, Suzuki C, Matsumoto S, Nishimura T, Mori Y, Masui T, Kawaguchi Y, Yanagihara K, Yazumi S, Chiba T, Guha S, Aggarwal BB.
A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer.
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, July 2011
[160] Chendil D, Ranga RS, Meigooni D, Sathishkumar S, Ahmed MM.
Curcumin confers radiosensitizing effect in prostate cancer cell line PC-3.
Oncogene, Februar 2004
[161] Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Habsah Abdul Kadir, Pouya Hassandarvish, Hassan Tajik, Sazaly Abubakar, Keivan Zandi
A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin
Biomed Res Int., April 2014
[162] Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Haftcheshmeh SM, Esmaeili SA, Johnston TP, Abdollahi E, Sahebkar A
Curcumin: A natural modulator of immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Autoimmunity Reviews, November 2017
[163] Lee H, Kim H, Lee G, Chung HS, Bae H.
Curcumin attenuates lupus nephritis upon interaction with regulatory T cells in New Zealand Black/White mice.
British Journal of Nutrition, July 2013
[164] Joyce Trujillo, Yolanda Irasema Chirino, Eduardo Molina-Jijón, Ana Cristina Andérica-Romero, Edilia Tapia, José Pedraza-Chaverría
Renoprotective effect of the antioxidant curcumin: Recent findings
Redox Biol., September 2013
[165] Ghosh SS, Gehr TW, Ghosh S
Curcumin and chronic kidney disease (CKD): major mode of action through stimulating endogenous intestinal alkaline phosphatase.
Molecules, December 2014
[166] Ali BH, Al-Salam S, Al Suleimani Y, Al Kalbani J, Al Bahlani S, Ashique M, Manoj P, Al Dhahli B, Al Abri N, Naser HT, Yasin J, Nemmar A, Al Za’abi M, Hartmann C, Schupp N
Curcumin Ameliorates Kidney Function and Oxidative Stress in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease.
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Toxicology, January 2018
[167] Zhong F, Chen H, Han L, Jin Y, Wang W
Curcumin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced renal inflammation.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011
[168] Suresh Babu P, Srinivasan K
Amelioration of renal lesions associated with diabetes by dietary curcumin in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
Mol Cell Biochem., April 1998
[169] Narayanan Venkatesan, Durairaj Punithavathi, Venkatesan Arumugam
Curcumin prevents adriamycin nephrotoxicity in rats
Br J Pharmacol., January 2000
[170] Xie L, Li XK, Takahara S
Curcumin has bright prospects for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
International Immunopharmacology, March 2011
[171] Qureshi M, Al-Suhaimi EA, Wahid F, Shehzad O, Shehzad A
Therapeutic potential of curcumin for multiple sclerosis.
Neurological Sciences, October 2017
[172] Xie L, Li XK, Funeshima-Fuji N, Kimura H, Matsumoto Y, Isaka Y, Takahara S
Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by curcumin treatment through inhibition of IL-17 production.
International Immunopharmacology, May 2009
[173] Natarajan C, Bright JJ
Curcumin inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by blocking IL-12 signaling through Janus kinase-STAT pathway in T lymphocytes.
Journal of Immunology, June 2002
[174] Khajavi M, Inoue K, Wiszniewski W, Ohyama T, Snipes GJ, Lupski JR
Curcumin treatment abrogates endoplasmic reticulum retention and aggregation-induced apoptosis associated with neuropathy-causing myelin protein zero-truncating mutants.
The American Journal of Human Genetics, November 2005
[175] S. K. Kulkarni, A. Dhir
An Overview of Curcumin in Neurological Disorders
Indian J Pharm Sci., März-April 2010
[176] S.-C. J Chueh, M.-K Lai, I.-S Liu, F.-C Teng, J Chen
Curcumin enhances the immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporine in rat cardiac allografts and in mixed lymphocyte reactions
Transplantation Proceedings, June 2003
[177] Ranjan D, Chen C, Johnston TD, Jeon H, Nagabhushan M.
Curcumin inhibits mitogen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, NFkappaB activation, and IL-2 signaling.
Journal of Surgical Research, October 2004
[178] Oh S, Kyung TW, Choi HS
Curcumin inhibits osteoclastogenesis by decreasing receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in bone marrow stromal cells.
Molecules & Cells, November 2008
[179] Yang MW, Wang TH, Yan PP, Chu LW, Yu J, Gao ZD, Li YZ, Guo BL
Curcumin improves bone microarchitecture and enhances mineral density in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
Phytomedicine, January 2011
[180] French DL, Muir JM, Webber CE
The ovariectomized, mature rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an assessment of the bone sparing effects of curcumin.
Phytomedicine, December 2008
[181] Cho JW, Lee KS, Kim CW
Curcumin attenuates the expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha as well as cyclin E in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells; NF-kappaB and MAPKs as potential upstream targets.
International Journal of Molecular Medicine, March 2007
[182] Qian-Mei Zhou, Yang Sun, Yi-Yu Lu, Hui Zhang, Qi-Long Chen, and Shi-Bing Su
Curcumin reduces mitomycin C resistance in breast cancer stem cells by regulating Bcl-2 family-mediated apoptosis.
Cancer Cell Int., 2017
[183] Ng QX, Koh SSH, Chan HW, Ho CYX
Clinical Use of Curcumin in Depression: A Meta-Analysis
J Am Med Dir Assoc., June 2017
[184] S. K. Kulkarni, A. Dhir
An Overview of Curcumin in Neurological Disorders
Indian J Pharm Sci., März-April 2010
[185]
[186] Vagish Kumar Laxman Shanbhag
Curcumin in chronic lymphocytic leukemia – A review
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, June 2017
[187] Yeon KY, Kim SA, Kim YH, Lee MK, Ahn DK, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Jung SJ, Oh SB
Curcumin produces an antihyperalgesic effect via antagonism of TRPV1.
Journal of Dental Research, Februar 2010
[188] James W. Daily, Mini Yang, Sunmin Park
Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Journal of Medicinal Food, August 2016
[189] Agarwal KA, Tripathi CD, Agarwal BB, Saluja S
Efficacy of turmeric (curcumin) in pain and postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study.
Surgical Endoscopy, December 2011
[190] Yeon KY, Kim SA, Kim YH, Lee MK, Ahn DK, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Jung SJ, Oh SB
Curcumin produces an antihyperalgesic effect via antagonism of TRPV1.
Journal of Dental Research, Februar 2010
[191] Thephinlap C, Phisalaphong C, Lailerd N, Chattipakorn N, Winichagoon P, Vadolas J, Fucharoen S, Porter JB, Srichairatanakool S.
Reversal of cardiac iron loading and dysfunction in thalassemic mice by curcuminoids.
Medicinal Chemistry, January 2011
[192] Srichairatanakool S, Thephinlap C, Phisalaphong C, Porter JB, Fucharoen S
Curcumin contributes to in vitro removal of non-transferrin bound iron by deferiprone and desferrioxamine in thalassemic plasma.
Medicinal Chemistry, September 2007
[193] Mizwicki MT, Menegaz D, Zhang J, Barrientos-Durán A, Tse S, Cashman JR, Griffin PR, Fiala M
Genomic and nongenomic signaling induced by 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 promotes the recovery of amyloid-β phagocytosis by Alzheimer’s disease macrophages.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012
[194] Hurley LL, Tizabi Y.
Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and depression.
Neurotoxicity Research, February 2013
[195] Madhuri Venigalla, Erika Gyengesi, Gerald Münch
Curcumin and Apigenin – novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Neural Regen Res., August 2015
[196] Sundaram JR, Poore CP, Sulaimee NHB, Pareek T, Cheong WF, Wenk MR, Pant HC, Frautschy SA, Low CM, Kesavapany S
Curcumin Ameliorates Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Memory Deficits in p25 Transgenic Mouse Model that Bears Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, August 2017
[197] Tizabi Y, Hurley LL, Qualls Z, Akinfiresoye L
Relevance of the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases and depression.
molecules, December 2014
[198] Jackson JK1, Higo T, Hunter WL, Burt HM
The antioxidants curcumin and quercetin inhibit inflammatory processes associated with arthritis.
Inflammation Research, April 2006
[199] Y. Henrotin, A.L. Clutterbuck, D. Allaway, E.M. Lodwig, P. Harris, M. Mathy-Hartert, M. Shakibaei, A. Mobasheria
Biological actions of curcumin on articular chondrocytes
Osteoarthritis and Cartil, Fwbruar 2010
[200] Constanze Buhrmann, Ali Mobasheri, Ulrike Matis, Mehdi Shakibaei
Curcumin mediated suppression of nuclear factor-κB promotes chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in a high-density co-culture microenvironment
Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2010
[201] Peter R. Holt
Curcumin for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Caution
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, January 2016
[202] Qian-Mei Zhou, Yang Sun, Yi-Yu Lu, Hui Zhang, Qi-Long Chen, Shi-Bing
Curcumin reduces mitomycin C resistance in breast cancer stem cells by regulating Bcl-2 family-mediated apoptosis
Cancer Cell Int., September 2017
[203] Madhuri Kakarala, PhD, Dean E. Brenner, Hasan Khorkaya, Connie Cheng, Karim Tazi, Christophe Ginestier, Suling Liu, Gabriela Dontu, Max S. Wicha
Targeting Breast Stem Cells with the Cancer Preventive Compounds Curcumin and Piperine
Breast Cancer Res Treat., August 2010
[204] Srinivas Ganta, Mansoor Amiji
Coadministration of Paclitaxel and Curcumin in Nanoemulsion Formulations To Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Tumor Cells
Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2009
[205] Mathilde Bayet-Robert, Fabrice Kwiatowski, Marianne Leheurteur, Françoise Gachon, Eloïse Planchat, Catherine Abrial, Marie-Ange Mouret-Reynier, Xavier Durando, Chantal Barthomeuf, Philippe Chollet
Phase I dose escalation trial of docetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer
Cancer Biology & Therapy, January 2010
[206] Charlotta D Mock, Brian C Jordan, Chelliah Selvam
Recent Advances of Curcumin and its Analogues in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment
RSC Adv., September 2015
[207] M. De Gasperi, D. Cavazos, L. deGraffenried
Curcumin Modulates Tamoxifen Response in Resistant Breast Cancer Cells.
Cancer Research, December 2009
[208] Cho, Y. A., Lee W., Choi J. S.
Effects of curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by curcumin
Die Pharmazie – An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, February 2012
[209] Alon Lang, Nir Salomon, Justin C.Y. Wu, Uri Kopylov, Adi Lahat, Ofir Har-Noy, Jessica Y.L. Ching, Pui Kuan Cheong, Benjamin Avidan, Dorit Gamus, Ioannis Kaimakliotis, Rami Eliakim, Siew C. Ng, Shomron Ben-Horin
Curcumin in Combination With Mesalamine Induces Remission in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, August 2015
[210] Peter R. Holt
Curcumin for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Caution
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, January 2016
[211] David Banji, Jyothi Pinnapureddy, Otilia J. F. Banji, A.Saidulu, Md. Sikinder Hayath
Synergistic activity of curcumin with methotrexate in ameliorating Freund’s Complete Adjuvant induced arthritis with reduced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals
European Journal of Pharmacology, October 2011
[212] Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal RC.
Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane).
Indian J Med Res., April 1980
[213] Binu Chandran, Ajay Goel
A Randomized, Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Phytotherapy Research, November 2012
[214] Amalraj Augustine, Varma Karthik, Jacob Joby, Divya Chandradhara, Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B., Stohs Sidney J., Gopi Sreeraj
A Novel Highly Bioavailable Curcumin Formulation Improves Symptoms and Diagnostic Indicators in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Dose, Three-Arm, and Parallel-Group Study
Journal of Medicinal Food, October 2017
[215] Krishna Adit Agarwal, C. D. Tripathi, Brij B. Agarwal, Satish Saluja
Efficacy of turmeric (curcumin) in pain and postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study
Surgical Endoscopy, December 2012
[216] Radha K. Maheshwari, Anoop K. Singh, Jaya Gaddipati, Rikhab C. Srimal
Multiple biological activities of curcumin: A short review
Life Sciences, March 2006
[217] G.C. Jagetia, G.K. Rajanikant
Effect of curcumin on radiation-impaired healing of excisional wounds in mice
Journal of wound care, September 2013
[218] Toan-Thang Phan, Patrick See, Seng-Teik Lee, Sui-Yung Chan
Protective Effects of Curcumin against Oxidative Damage on Skin Cells In Vitro: Its Implication for Wound Healing
The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, November 2011
[219] Sidhu GS, Mani H, Gaddipati JP, Singh AK, Seth P, Banaudha KK, Patnaik GK, Maheshwari RK
Curcumin enhances wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and genetically diabetic mice.
Wound Repair Regen., September 1999
[220] Thaloor D, Miller KJ, Gephart J, Mitchell PO, Pavlath GK
Systemic administration of the NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin stimulates muscle regeneration after traumatic injury.
Am J Physiol., August 1999
[221] Jawa A, Jawad A, Riaz SH, Assir MZ, Chaudhary AW, Zakria M, Akram J
Turmeric use is associated with reduced goitrogenesis: Thyroid disorder prevalence in Pakistan (THYPAK) study.
Indian J Endocrinol Metab., May 2015
[222] Chi-Yu Zhang, Li Zhang, Hui-Xin Yu, Jian-Dong Bao, Zhen Sun, Rong-Rong Lu
Curcumin inhibits invasion and metastasis in K1 papillary thyroid cancer cells
Food Chemistry, August 2013
[223] Vachharajani V, Wang SW, Mishra N, El Gazzar M, Yoza B, McCall C
Curcumin modulates leukocyte and platelet adhesion in murine sepsis.
Microcirculation, August 2010
[224] I. Jantan, S.M. Raweh, H.M. Sirat, S. Jamil, Y.H. Mohd Yasin, J. Jalil, J.A.Jamal
Inhibitory effect of compounds from Zingiberaceae species on human platelet aggregation
Phytomedicine, April 2008
[225] Ana Ramirez Boscá, Alfonso Soler, Miguel A Carrión-Gutiérrez, David Pamies Mira, José Pardo Zapata, Joaquı́n Diaz-Alperi, August Bernd, Eliseo Quintanilla Almagro, Jaime Miquel
An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, April 2000
[226] Hong-Fang Ji, Liang Shen
The Multiple Pharmaceutical Potential of Curcumin in Parkinson’s Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders – Drug Targets, 2014
[227] R. B. Mythri, M. M. Srinivas Bharath
Curcumin: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent in Parkinson’s Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2012
